<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "C:\nlm\converter\journal-publishing-dtd-2.0\journalpublishing.dtd">
<article>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">AFRJMS</journal-id>
<journal-title>African Research Journal of Medical Sciences</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="epub">3006-7421</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Bioscience Press</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">afrjms-3-1-001</article-id>
<doi-group>
<article-doi><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="https://doi.org/" xlink:href="10.62587/AFRJMS.1.1.2024.25-28">10.62587/AFRJMS.1.1.2024.25-28</ext-link></article-doi>
</doi-group>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>Short Essay</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Unraveling the tapestry: Immune Imprinting amidst a spectrum of challenges for modRNA Covid-19 vaccines</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Castrillo</surname><given-names>Ronald Palacios</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001"><sup>*</sup></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><sup>1</sup>M.D., Ph.D., <instname>Kidney Institute and The Section of Immunology, Incor Health Clinic</instname>, <instcity>Santa Cruz</instcity>, <instcountry>Bolivia</instcountry>. E-mail: <email>ronalin50@gmail.com</email></aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor001"><sup>*</sup>Corresponding author: Ronald Palacios Castrillo, M.D., Ph.D., <instname>Kidney Institute and The Section of Immunology, Incor Health Clinic</instname>, <instcity>Santa Cruz</instcity>, <instcountry>Bolivia</instcountry>. E-mail: <email>ronalin50@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>1</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>28</fpage>
<lpage>28</lpage>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Immunological imprinting is another road block added to the many obstacles and side effects, including some very serious including deaths), concerning the effectiveness and safety of the modRNA based Covid-19 vaccines. Together, they make it highly unethical and difficult to support/ promote the widespread vaccination of children and adults with these vaccines.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>modRNA vaccines</kwd>
<kwd>Immunol&#x00F3;gical imprinting</kwd>
<kwd>Covid-19</kwd>
<kwd>SARSCoV-2 virus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<ref-count count="15"/>
<page-count count="4"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="bib001"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jian</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yisimayi</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>An</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2023</year>). <article-title>Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces convergent Omicron RBD evolution</article-title>. <source>Nature</source>. <volume>614</volume>: <fpage>521</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>529</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="https//doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05644-7">https//doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05644-7</ext-link></comment></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib002"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>J.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>S.-L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2023</year>). <article-title>Challenges and Prospects in Developing Future SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Overcoming Original Antigenic Sin and Inducing Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies</article-title>. <source>J. Immunol</source>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib003"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>J.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qu</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Faraone</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Y.-M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlin</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bednash</surname><given-names>J.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lozanski</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mallampalli</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2022</year>). <article-title>Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2</article-title>. <source>Cell Host Microbe</source>. <volume>30</volume>; <fpage>1093</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1102</lpage>. doi: e3<comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.014">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.014</ext-link></comment></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib004"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Faraone</surname><given-names>J.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qu</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Goodarzi</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Y.-M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlin</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saif</surname><given-names>L.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oltz</surname><given-names>E.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gumina</surname><given-names>R.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>S.-L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2023</year>). <article-title>Immune Evasion and Membrane Fusion of SARS-CoV-2 XBB Subvariants EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3</article-title>.<source>Emerg Microbes Infect</source>. <fpage>122270069</fpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib005"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Francis</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1960</year>). <article-title>On the Doctrine of Original Antigenic Sin</article-title>. <source>Proc. Am. Phil. Soc</source>. <volume>104</volume>; <fpage>572</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>578</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib006"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chai</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qiao</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2023</year>). <article-title>An updated atlas of antibody evasion by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variants including BQ.1.1 and XBB</article-title>. <source>Cell Rep. Med</source>. <fpage>4100991</fpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="https//doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100991">https//doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100991</ext-link></comment></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib007"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palacios-Castrillo</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2021</year>). <article-title>Novel and effective treatment for patients with COVID-19 in stages I to IIIA of the infection</article-title>. <source>J. Immunobiology</source>., <volume>6</volume>(<issue>4</issue>). doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37421/2476-1966.2021.6.160</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib008"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palacios-Castrillo</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2023a</year>). <article-title>Long COVID and serious side reactions to mRNA-Based Vaccines (VSITV) are mainly spike protein-induced Thrombotic Vasculitis</article-title>. <source>J Infect Dis Ther</source>., <volume>11</volume> <fpage>S4:003</fpage>. <comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access-pdfs/long-covid-and-serious-side-reactions-to-mrnabased-vaccines-vsitv-are-mainly-spike-proteininduced-thrombotic-vasculitis.pdf">https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access-pdfs/long-covid-and-serious-side-reactions-to-mrnabased-vaccines-vsitv-are-mainly-spike-proteininduced-thrombotic-vasculitis.pdf</ext-link></comment>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4173/2332-0877.23.S4.003</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib009"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palacios-Castrillo</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2023b</year>). <article-title>Long-term organ complications: The true public health concern in SARSCoV-2 infection</article-title>. <source>Archives Clin Med Microbiol</source>., <volume>2</volume>(<issue>4</issue>): <fpage>116</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>119</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33140/ACMMJ.02.04.03</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib010"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palacios-Castrillo</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2023c</year>). <article-title>The science and the potential dangers behind RNA-based vaccine technology</article-title>. <source>Virology &#x0026; Immunology Journal</source>., <volume>7</volume>(<issue>4</issue>). doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23880/vij-16000333</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib011"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palacios-Castrillo</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2023</year>). <article-title>Unraveling the tapestry: Immune imprinting amidst a spectrum of challenges for modRNA COVID-19 Vaccines</article-title>. <source>Preprints</source> <fpage>2023120132</fpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.20944/.preprints202312.0132.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/.preprints202312.0132.v1</ext-link></comment></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib012"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Muecksch</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Weisblum</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Da Silva</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bednarski</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gaebler</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Caskey</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nussenzweig</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2022</year>). <article-title>Plasma neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant</article-title>. <source>N. Engl. J. Med</source>., <volume>386</volume>: <fpage>599</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>601</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2119641">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2119641</ext-link></comment></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib013"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>D.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lapedes</surname><given-names>A.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>de Jong</surname><given-names>J.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bestebroer</surname><given-names>T.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rimmelzwaan</surname><given-names>G.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Osterhaus</surname><given-names>A.D.M.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fouchier</surname><given-names>R.A.M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Mapping the Antigenic and Genetic Evolution of Influenza Virus</article-title>. <source>Science</source>., <volume>305</volume>: <fpage>371</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>376</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.1097211">https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.1097211</ext-link></comment></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib014"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tam</surname><given-names>A.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Valdez</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gordon</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>D.D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2023</year>). <article-title>Deep immunological imprinting due to the ancestral spike in the current bivalent COVID-19 vaccine</article-title>. <source>Cell Rep. Med</source>., <fpage>4101258</fpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib015"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kempf</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nehlmeier</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cossmann</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dopfer-Jablonka</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stankov</surname><given-names>M.V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schulz</surname><given-names>S.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>J&#x00E4;ck</surname><given-names>H.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Behrens</surname><given-names>G.M.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>P&#x00F6;hlmann</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoffmann</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2023</year>). <article-title>Neutralisation sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 lineages EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3</article-title>. <source>Lancet Infect. Dis</source>., <volume>23</volume>; <fpage>e391</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>e392</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00547-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00547-9</ext-link></comment></citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>