<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "C:\nlm\converter\journal-publishing-dtd-2.0\journalpublishing.dtd">
<article>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">AFRJMS</journal-id>
<journal-title>African Research Journal of Medical Sciences</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="epub">3006-7421</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Bioscience Press</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">afrjms-3-1-001</article-id>
<doi-group>
<article-doi><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="https://doi.org/" xlink:href="10.62587/AFRJMS.1.1.2024.61-71">10.62587/AFRJMS.1.1.2024.61-71</ext-link></article-doi>
</doi-group>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>Research Paper</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Analysis on epidemiological interface of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife, livestock and human in Ethiopia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Mulatu</surname><given-names>Henok</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001"><sup>*</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Abdi</surname><given-names>Shaban Mohamed</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><sup>1</sup><deptname>Department of Animal Health at Habro District Livestock and Fisheries Development Office</deptname>, <instcity>Gelemso</instcity>, <instcountry>Ethiopia</instcountry>. E-mail: <email>henokmulatu5@gmail.com</email></aff>
<aff id="aff002"><sup>2</sup><deptname>Department of Veterinary Epidemiology at College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University</deptname>, <instcountry>Ethiopia</instcountry></aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor001"><sup>*</sup>Corresponding author: Henok Mulatu, <deptname>Department of Animal Health at Habro District Livestock and Fisheries Development Office</deptname>, <instcity>Gelemso</instcity>, <instcountry>Ethiopia</instcountry>. E-mail: <email>henokmulatu5@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>1</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>61</fpage>
<lpage>71</lpage>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Bovine tuberculosis is one of the chronic bacterial diseases of animals that can acquire a variable amount of time (from a few weeks to a lifetime) to expand from infection to clinical disease and to happen to infectious to other animals. Mycobaterium bovis has a remarkably wide range of mammalian hosts and affect all age groups of susceptible hosts of domestic, wild animals and human. Numerous studies undertaken in diverse parts of the country have deep-rooted the widespread nature of the disease in Ethiopian cattle <italic>p</italic> populations. More to the point being a potential zoonotic danger through consumption of raw animal foodstuffs and close animal-human contact, the disease can have chief economic impacts on national livestock sector. Regardless of the isolation of M. <italic>bovis</italic> from domestic animal and human, no infection due to M. <italic>bovis</italic> was reported in Ethiopian wildlife populations so far and the burden of the disease in wildlife populations is yet unfamiliar. Therefore, objectives of this review paper is to elaborate the epidemiological interface of M. <italic>bovis</italic> in wildlife, livestock and human in Ethiopia, to identify risk factors considered in studies conducted so far in Ethiopia. Diseases transmitted between humans, livestock, and wildlife are progressively more challenging public and veterinary health systems. Therefore, studies concerning the burden of the diseases in wildlife, livestock and human beings in Ethiopia should be undertaken.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Bovine</kwd>
<kwd>Bovine tuberculosis</kwd>
<kwd>Interface</kwd>
<kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
<kwd>Wildlife</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<ref-count count="50"/>
<page-count count="11"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="bib001"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alelign</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2019</year>). <source>Tuberculosis in farmers and their cattle in smallholder farming system in south gondar zone of northwest Ethiopia: Epidemiology and drug sensitivity profiles</source>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib002"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author">Alemayehu Regassa., Girmay Medhin. and Gobena Ameni.</person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Bovine tuberculosis is more prevalent in cattle owned by farmers with active tuberculosis in central Ethiopia</article-title>. <source>Veterinary Journal</source>, <volume>178</volume>(<issue>1</issue>): <fpage>119</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>125</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.019</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib003"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Almaw</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2021</year>). <article-title>The variable prevalence of bovine tuberculosis among dairy herds in Central Ethiopia provides opportunities for targeted intervention</article-title>. <source>PLoS ONE</source>, <volume>16</volume>(<issue>7</issue>): <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>17</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0254091</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib004"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aman</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dessalegn</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Masrie</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2017</year>). <source>HSOA archives of zoological studies a review on current diagnostic techniques of bovine tuberculosis</source>, <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>6</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24966/ AZS-7779/100001</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib005"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Amato</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2018</year>). <article-title>Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated from livestock and wild animals in Italy suggests the need for a different eradication strategy for bovine tuberculosis</article-title>. <source>Transboundary and Emerging Diseases</source>, <volume>65</volume>(<issue>2</issue>): <fpage>e416</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>e424</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/tbed.12776</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib006"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Amissah-Reynolds</surname><given-names>PK.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2020</year>). <article-title>Zoonotic risks from domestic animals in Ghana</article-title>. <source>International Journal of Pathogen Research</source>, <volume>4</volume>(<issue>3</issue>): <fpage>17</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>31</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.9734/ijpr/2020/v4i330113</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib007"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arnot</surname><given-names>L.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Michel</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2019</year>). <source>Challenges for controlling bovine tuberculosis in South Africa</source>, <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib008"><citation citation-type="web"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ashmi</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2019</year>). <source>Evaluation of role of Xpert MTB/RIF in Diagnosis of Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in patients attending Tertiary Care Hospital</source>, <fpage>123</fpage>. <comment>available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/11125">http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/11125</ext-link></comment>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib009"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ayele</surname><given-names>W.Y.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <source>Bovine tuberculosis: An old disease but a new threat to Africa</source>. <volume>8</volume>(<issue>February</issue>); <fpage>924</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>937</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib010"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bhuachalla</surname><given-names>D.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Corner</surname><given-names>L.A.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>More</surname><given-names>S.J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <source>&#x2018;The role of badgers in the epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection ( tuberculosis ) in cattle in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland: Current perspectives on control strategies</source>, <fpage>27</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>38</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib011"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Biratu</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in Butajira, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional abattoir-based study</article-title>. <source>African Journal of Microbiology Research</source>, <volume>8</volume>(<issue>33</issue>): <fpage>3112</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>3117</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/ajmr2013.6259</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib012"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Borham</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2022</year>). <article-title>Review on bovine tuberculosis: An emerging disease associated with multidrugresistant mycobacterium species</article-title>. <source>Pathogens</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>7</issue>): <fpage>715</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/pathogens11070715</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib013"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Buddle</surname><given-names>B.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vordermeier</surname><given-names>H.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chambers</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2018</year>). <source>Efficacy and safety of BCG vaccine for control of tuberculosis in domestic livestock and wildlife</source>, <volume>5</volume>(<issue>October</issue>); <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>17</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fvets.2018.00259</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib014"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Callaby</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2020</year>). <article-title>Genetic diversity of cameroon cattle and a putative genomic map for resistance to bovine tuberculosis</article-title>. <source>Frontiers in Genetics</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>November</issue>); <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>17</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fgene.2020.550215</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib015"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Daniel Wambua</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Estimating the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (btb) using indirect elisa test in selected counties of Kenya</article-title>. <source>A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for master&#x2019;s degree in veterinary medicine</source>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib016"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dejene</surname><given-names>S.W.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2016</year>). <article-title>Risk factors for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle in Ethiopia</article-title>. <source>PLoS ONE</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>7</issue>): <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>16</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0159083</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib017"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Demelash</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Prevalence of Bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopian slaughter cattle based on postmortem examination</article-title>. <source>Tropical Animal Health and Production</source>, <volume>41</volume>(<issue>5</issue>): <fpage>755</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>765</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11250-008-92489</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib018"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Deneke</surname><given-names>T.T.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2022</year>). <article-title>Milk and meat consumption patterns and the potential risk of zoonotic disease transmission among urban and peri-urban dairy farmers in Ethiopia</article-title>. <source>BMC Public Health</source>, <volume>22</volume>(<issue>1</issue>): <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>17</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12889-022-12665-4</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib019"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Desta</surname><given-names>G.B.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2022</year>). <article-title>Factors associated with zoonosis and reverse zoonosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis in Ethiopia</article-title>. <source>International journal of health sciences</source>, <volume>6</volume>(<issue>April</issue>); <fpage>1630</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1653</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53730/ijhs.v6ns5.8922</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib020"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dibaba</surname><given-names>A.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kriek</surname><given-names>N.P.J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2019</year>). <article-title>The control of bovine tuberculosis in Africa</article-title>. in: <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Dibaba</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kriek</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thoen</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> (Eds.), <source>Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective</source>. <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name> <publisher-loc>Cham</publisher-loc>. <comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18690-6_10">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18690-6_10</ext-link></comment></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib021"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dinka</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Duressa</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Arsi Zones of Oromia, Ethiopia</article-title>. <source>African Journal of Agricultural Research</source>, <volume>6</volume>(<issue>16</issue>): <fpage>3853</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>3858</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/ AJAR11.521</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib022"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Falanga</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2016</year>). <article-title>Marine antimicrobial peptides: Nature provides templates for the design of novel compounds against pathogenic bacteria</article-title>. <source>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</source>, <volume>17</volume>(<issue>5</issue>). doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ ijms17050785</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib023"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author">De <name><surname>Garine-Wichatitsky</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>A review of bovine tuberculosis at the wildlife-livestock-human interface in sub-Saharan Africa</article-title>. <source>Epidemiology and Infection</source>, <volume>141</volume>(<issue>7</issue>): <fpage>1342</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1356</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0950268813000708</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib024"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gormley</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <source>Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle by use of the gamma-interferon (Bovigam &#x00AE;) assay</source>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.029</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib025"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gudina Mekonnen</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wakgari Oljira</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2022</year>). <article-title>Review on epidemiology of bovine hemoparasites in Ethiopia</article-title>. <source>Insights in Veterinary Science</source>, <volume>6</volume>(<issue>1</issue>): <fpage>013</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>016</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29328/journal.ivs.1001036</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib026"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hind</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <source>The national farmers union stoneleigh park,UK bovine tuberculosis and badger control research, June</source>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib027"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Humblet</surname><given-names>M.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boschiroli</surname><given-names>M.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saegerman</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Classification of worldwide bovine tuberculosis risk factors in cattle: A stratified approach</article-title>. <source>Veterinary Research</source>, <volume>40</volume>(<issue>5</issue>). doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1051/vetres/2009033</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib028"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Katale</surname><given-names>B.Z.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Bovine tuberculosis at the human-livestock-wildlife interface: Is it a public health problem in Tanzania?: A review</article-title>. <source>Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research</source>, <volume>79</volume>(<issue>2</issue>): <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4102/ ojvr.v79i2.463</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib029"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>M.Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zahoor</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2018</year>). <article-title>An overview of brucellosis in cattle and humans, and its serological and molecular diagnosis in control strategies</article-title>. <source>Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</source>, <volume>3</volume>(<issue>2</issue>). doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ tropicalmed3020065</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib030"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lekko</surname><given-names>Y.M.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2020</year>). <article-title>Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wildlife: Review of current applications of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis</article-title>. <source>Veterinary World</source>, <volume>13</volume>(<issue>9</issue>): <fpage>1822</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1836</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14202/ vetworld.2020.1822-1836</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib031"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Medley</surname><given-names>G.F.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <source>Herd and individual animal risks associated with bovine tuberculosis skin test positivity in cattle in herds in south west England</source>. <volume>92</volume>: <fpage>188</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>198</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.011</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib032"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Megersa</surname><given-names>B.B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <source>An epidemiological study of major camel diseases in the Borana lowland, Southern Ethiopia</source>, (<issue>58</issue>).</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib033"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2020</year>). <article-title>Bovine tuberculosis at the human &#x2013; livestock &#x2013; wildlife interface and its control through one health approach in the Ethiopian Somali Pastoralists/ : A review</article-title>. <source>One Health</source>, <volume>9</volume>(<issue>August 2019</issue>); <fpage>100113</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100113</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib034"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Moiane</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and risk factor assessment in cattle in rural livestock areas of Govuro district in the southeast of Mozambique</article-title>. <source>PLoS ONE</source>, <volume>9</volume>(<issue>3</issue>). doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0091527</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib035"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Muhammed</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Seboka</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tibesso</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2020</year>). <source>Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases Review on Epidemiological Features of Mycobaterium Bovis at the Human, Cattle and Wildlife Interface in Ethiopia</source>, <volume>1</volume>(<issue>1</issue>): <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>15</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15406/jeid.2017.01.00007</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib036"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>M.V.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <source>Mycobacterium bovis/ : Characteristics of Wildlife Reservoir Hosts</source>, <volume>60</volume>: <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>13</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/ tbed.12115</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib037"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Phipps</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2019</year>). <article-title>Bovine tuberculosis in working foxhounds: lessons learned from a complex public health investigation</article-title>. <source>Epidemiol Infect</source>. <volume>9</volume>:<volume>147</volume>:<fpage>e24</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0950268818002753</pub-id>. PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30298799</pub-id>; <pub-id pub-id-type="pmcid">PMCID: PMC6518589</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib038"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Raffo</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2017</year>). <article-title>Effect of <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection on the diagnostic accuracy for <italic>Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis)</italic> infection under field conditions in cattle belonging to low <italic>M. bovis</italic> prevalence herds</article-title>. <source>Tropical Animal Health and Production</source>, <volume>49</volume>(<issue>4</issue>): <fpage>771</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>775</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11250-017-1259-y</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib039"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Roex</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2016</year>). <source>Disease Control in Wildlife: Evaluating a Test and Cull Programme for Bovine Tuberculosis in African Buffalo</source>, <volume>63</volume>: <fpage>647</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>657</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/tbed.12329</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib040"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rudo</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Id</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><given-names>Kelen C.</given-names><surname>Vander</surname></name></person-group> (<year>2020</year>). <source>&#x2018;Risk practices for bovine tuberculosis transmission to cattle and livestock farming communities living at wildlife-livestock-human interface in northern KwaZulu Natal, South Africa</source> <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>18</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0007618</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib041"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sandeep</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2018</year>). <source>Zoonotic tuberculosis: Tuberculosis: A a concern concern and and strategies strategies to to combat</source>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5772/intechopen.76802</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib042"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schiller</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <source>Bovine Tuberculosis: A Review of Current and Emerging Diagnostic Techniques in View of their Relevance for Disease Control and Eradication</source>, <volume>57</volume>: <fpage>205</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>220</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01148.x</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib043"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2021</year>). <source>Tuberculosis: An overview of the immunogenic response, disease progression, and medicinal chemistry efforts in the last decade toward the development of potential drugs for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis strains</source>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01833</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib044"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Szewczyk</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Rapid method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis identification using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of mycolic acids</article-title>. <source>Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease</source>, <volume>76</volume>(<issue>3</issue>): <fpage>298</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>305</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.03.025</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib045"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tschopp</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <source>Bovine Tuberculosis at the Human &#x2013; Livestock-Wildlife Interface in Sub-Saharan Africa</source> <fpage>163</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>175</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib046"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vilch&#x00E8;ze</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Phosphorylation of KasB regulates virulence and acid-fastness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis</article-title>. <source>PLoS Pathogens</source>, <volume>10</volume>(<issue>5</issue>). doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.ppat.1004115</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib047"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vlasova</surname><given-names>A.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saif</surname><given-names>L.J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2021</year>). <article-title>Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle</article-title>. <source>Frontiers in Immunology</source>, <volume>12</volume>(<issue>June</issue>); <fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>18</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fimmu.2021.643206</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib048"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wobeser</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <source>Review Article Compte rendu Bovine tuberculosis in Canadian wildlife: An updated history</source>, <volume>50</volume>(<issue>November</issue>); <fpage>1169</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1176</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="bib049"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zeru</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><etal>et al.</etal></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <source>Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and assessment of C attle owners awareness on its public health implication in and around Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia</source>, <volume>6</volume>(<issue>June</issue>); <fpage>159</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>167</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/ JVMAH2014.0288</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="bib050"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zinsstag</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stephan</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2018</year>). <source>Prevalence, molecular characterization, transmission dynamics and cost analysis of bovine tuberculosis in Morocco, Doctoral Thesis, University of Basel, Faculty of Science</source>.</citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>